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# Documents  Delarue, François | enregistrements trouvés : 37

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## Numerical methods for mean field games - Lecture 2: Monotone finite difference schemes Achdou, Yves | CIRM H

Post-edited

Research schools;Computer Science;Control Theory and Optimization;Partial Differential Equations

Recently, an important research activity on mean field games (MFGs for short) has been initiated by the pioneering works of Lasry and Lions: it aims at studying the asymptotic behavior of stochastic differential games (Nash equilibria) as the number $n$ of agents tends to infinity. The field is now rapidly growing in several directions, including stochastic optimal control, analysis of PDEs, calculus of variations, numerical analysis and computing, and the potential applications to economics and social sciences are numerous.
In the limit when $n \to +\infty$, a given agent feels the presence of the others through the statistical distribution of the states. Assuming that the perturbations of a single agent's strategy does not influence the statistical states distribution, the latter acts as a parameter in the control problem to be solved by each agent. When the dynamics of the agents are independent stochastic processes, MFGs naturally lead to a coupled system of two partial differential equations (PDEs for short), a forward Fokker-Planck equation and a backward Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation.
The latter system of PDEs has closed form solutions in very few cases only. Therefore, numerical simulation are crucial in order to address applications. The present mini-course will be devoted to numerical methods that can be used to approximate the systems of PDEs.
The numerical schemes that will be presented rely basically on monotone approximations of the Hamiltonian and on a suitable weak formulation of the Fokker-Planck equation.
These schemes have several important features:

- The discrete problem has the same structure as the continous one, so existence, energy estimates, and possibly uniqueness can be obtained with the same kind of arguments

- Monotonicity guarantees the stability of the scheme: it is robust in the deterministic limit

- convergence to classical or weak solutions can be proved

Finally, there are particular cases named variational MFGS in which the system of PDEs can be seen as the optimality conditions of some optimal control problem driven by a PDE. In such cases, augmented Lagrangian methods can be used for solving the discrete nonlinear system. The mini-course will be orgamized as follows

1. Introduction to the system of PDEs and its interpretation. Uniqueness of classical solutions.

2. Monotone finite difference schemes

3. Examples of applications

4. Variational MFG and related algorithms for solving the discrete system of nonlinear equations
Recently, an important research activity on mean field games (MFGs for short) has been initiated by the pioneering works of Lasry and Lions: it aims at studying the asymptotic behavior of stochastic differential games (Nash equilibria) as the number $n$ of agents tends to infinity. The field is now rapidly growing in several directions, including stochastic optimal control, analysis of PDEs, calculus of variations, numerical analysis and ...

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## Mean-field analysis of an excitatory neuronal network: application to systemic risk modeling? Delarue, François | CIRM

Post-edited

Research talks;Partial Differential Equations;Mathematics in Science and Technology

Inspired by modeling in neurosciences, we here discuss the well-posedness of a networked integrate-and-fire model describing an infinite population of companies which interact with one another through their common statistical distribution. The interaction is of the self-excitatory type as, at any time, the debt of a company increases when some of the others default: precisely, the loss it receives is proportional to the instantaneous proportion of companies that default at the same time. From a mathematical point of view, the coefficient of proportionality, denoted by a, is of great importance as the resulting system is known to blow-up when a takes large values, a blow-up meaning that a macroscopic proportion of companies may default at the same time. In the current talk, we focus on the complementary regime and prove that existence and uniqueness hold in arbitrary time without any blow-up when the excitatory parameter is small enough. Inspired by modeling in neurosciences, we here discuss the well-posedness of a networked integrate-and-fire model describing an infinite population of companies which interact with one another through their common statistical distribution. The interaction is of the self-excitatory type as, at any time, the debt of a company increases when some of the others default: precisely, the loss it receives is proportional to the instantaneous proportion ...

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## Singular SPDE with rough coefficients Otto, Felix | CIRM H

Post-edited

Research talks;Partial Differential Equations;Probability and Statistics

We are interested in parabolic differential equations $(\partial_t-a\partial_x^2)u=f$ with a very irregular forcing $f$ and only mildly regular coefficients $a$. This is motivated by stochastic differential equations, where $f$ is random, and quasilinear equations, where $a$ is a (nonlinear) function of $u$.
Below a certain threshold for the regularity of $f$ and $a$ (on the Hölder scale), giving even a sense to this equation requires a renormalization. In the framework of the above setting, we present recent ideas from the area of stochastic differential equations (Lyons' rough path, Gubinelli's controlled rough paths, Hairer's regularity structures) that allow to build a solution theory. We make a connection with Safonov's approach to Schauder theory.
This is based on joint work with H. Weber, J. Sauer, and S. Smith.
We are interested in parabolic differential equations $(\partial_t-a\partial_x^2)u=f$ with a very irregular forcing $f$ and only mildly regular coefficients $a$. This is motivated by stochastic differential equations, where $f$ is random, and quasilinear equations, where $a$ is a (nonlinear) function of $u$.
Below a certain threshold for the regularity of $f$ and $a$ (on the Hölder scale), giving even a sense to this equation requires a ...

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## Forward and backward simulation of Euler scheme Gobet, Emmanuel | CIRM H

Multi angle

Research talks;Probability and Statistics

We analyse how reverting Random Number Generator can be efficiently used to save memory in solving dynamic programming equation. For SDEs, it takes the form of forward and backward Euler scheme. Surprisingly the error induced by time reversion is of order 1.

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## Stochastic variational inequalities for random mechanics Mertz, Laurent | CIRM H

Multi angle

Research talks;Partial Differential Equations;Mathematical Physics;Probability and Statistics

The mathematical framework of variational inequalities is a powerful tool to model problems arising in mechanics such as elasto-plasticity where the physical laws change when some state variables reach a certain threshold [1]. Somehow, it is not surprising that the models used in the literature for the hysteresis effect of non-linear elasto-plastic oscillators submitted to random vibrations [2] are equivalent to (finite dimensional) stochastic variational inequalities (SVIs) [3]. This presentation concerns (a) cycle properties of a SVI modeling an elasto-perfectly-plastic oscillator excited by a white noise together with an application to the risk of failure [4,5]. (b) a set of Backward Kolmogorov equations for computing means, moments and correlation [6]. (c) free boundary value problems and HJB equations for the control of SVIs. For engineering applications, it is related to the problem of critical excitation [7]. This point concerns what we are doing during the CEMRACS research project. (d) (if time permits) on-going research on the modeling of a moving plate on turbulent convection [8]. This is a mixture of joint works and / or discussions with, amongst others, A. Bensoussan, L. Borsoi, C. Feau, M. Huang, M. Laurière, G. Stadler, J. Wylie, J. Zhang and J.Q. Zhong. The mathematical framework of variational inequalities is a powerful tool to model problems arising in mechanics such as elasto-plasticity where the physical laws change when some state variables reach a certain threshold [1]. Somehow, it is not surprising that the models used in the literature for the hysteresis effect of non-linear elasto-plastic oscillators submitted to random vibrations [2] are equivalent to (finite dimensional) stochastic ...

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## Mean field type control with congestion Laurière, Mathieu | CIRM H

Multi angle

Research talks;Control Theory and Optimization;Partial Differential Equations

The theory of mean field type control (or control of MacKean-Vlasov) aims at describing the behaviour of a large number of agents using a common feedback control and interacting through some mean field term. The solution to this type of control problem can be seen as a collaborative optimum. We will present the system of partial differential equations (PDE) arising in this setting: a forward Fokker-Planck equation and a backward Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation. They describe respectively the evolution of the distribution of the agents' states and the evolution of the value function. Since it comes from a control problem, this PDE system differs in general from the one arising in mean field games.
Recently, this kind of model has been applied to crowd dynamics. More precisely, in this talk we will be interested in modeling congestion effects: the agents move but try to avoid very crowded regions. One way to take into account such effects is to let the cost of displacement increase in the regions where the density of agents is large. The cost may depend on the density in a non-local or in a local way. We will present one class of models for each case and study the associated PDE systems. The first one has classical solutions whereas the second one has weak solutions. Numerical results based on the Newton algorithm and the Augmented Lagrangian method will be presented.
This is joint work with Yves Achdou.
The theory of mean field type control (or control of MacKean-Vlasov) aims at describing the behaviour of a large number of agents using a common feedback control and interacting through some mean field term. The solution to this type of control problem can be seen as a collaborative optimum. We will present the system of partial differential equations (PDE) arising in this setting: a forward Fokker-Planck equation and a backward Hamilto...

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## On the discretization of some nonlinear Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov equations and applications Silva Álvarez, Francisco José | CIRM H

Multi angle

Research talks;Partial Differential Equations;Probability and Statistics

In this work, we consider the discretization of some nonlinear Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov equations. The scheme we propose preserves the non-negativity of the solution, conserves the mass and, as the discretization parameters tend to zero, has limit measure-valued trajectories which are shown to solve the equation. This convergence result is proved by assuming only that the coefficients are continuous and satisfy a suitable linear growth property with respect to the space variable. In particular, under these assumptions, we obtain a new proof of existence of solutions for such equations.
We apply our results to several examples, including Mean Field Games systems and variations of the Hughes model for pedestrian dynamics.
In this work, we consider the discretization of some nonlinear Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov equations. The scheme we propose preserves the non-negativity of the solution, conserves the mass and, as the discretization parameters tend to zero, has limit measure-valued trajectories which are shown to solve the equation. This convergence result is proved by assuming only that the coefficients are continuous and satisfy a suitable linear growth property ...

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## Project evaluation under uncertainty Zubelli, Jorge P. | CIRM H

Multi angle

Research talks;Mathematics in Science and Technology

Industrial strategic decisions have evolved tremendously in the last decades towards a higher degree of quantitative analysis. Such decisions require taking into account a large number of uncertain variables and volatile scenarios, much like financial market investments. Furthermore, they can be evaluated by comparing to portfolios of investments in financial assets such as in stocks, derivatives and commodity futures. This revolution led to the development of a new field of managerial science known as Real Options.
The use of Real Option techniques incorporates also the value of flexibility and gives a broader view of many business decisions that brings in techniques from quantitative finance and risk management. Such techniques are now part of the decision making process of many corporations and require a substantial amount of mathematical background. Yet, there has been substantial debate concerning the use of risk neutral pricing and hedging arguments to the context of project evaluation. We discuss some alternatives to risk neutral pricing that could be suitable to evaluation of projects in a realistic context with special attention to projects dependent on commodities and non-hedgeable uncertainties. More precisely, we make use of a variant of the hedged Monte-Carlo method of Potters, Bouchaud and Sestovic to tackle strategic decisions. Furthermore, we extend this to different investor risk profiles. This is joint work with Edgardo Brigatti, Felipe Macias, and Max O. de Souza.
If time allows we shall also discuss the situation when the historical data for the project evaluation is very limited and we can make use of certain symmetries of the problem to perform (with good estimates) a nonintrusive stratified resampling of the data. This is joint work with E. Gobet and G. Liu.
Industrial strategic decisions have evolved tremendously in the last decades towards a higher degree of quantitative analysis. Such decisions require taking into account a large number of uncertain variables and volatile scenarios, much like financial market investments. Furthermore, they can be evaluated by comparing to portfolios of investments in financial assets such as in stocks, derivatives and commodity futures. This revolution led to the ...

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## Some asymptotic results about American options and volativity De Marco, Stefano | CIRM H

Multi angle

Research talks;Control Theory and Optimization

The valuation of American options (a widespread type of financial contract) requires the numerical solution of an optimal stopping problem. Numerical methods for such problems have been widely investigated. Monte-Carlo methods are based on the implementation of dynamic programming principles coupled with regression techniques. In lower dimension, one can choose to tackle the related free boundary PDE with deterministic schemes.
Pricing of American options will therefore be inevitably heavier than the one of European options, which only requires the computation of a (linear) expectation. The calibration (fitting) of a stochastic model to market quotes for American options is therefore an a priori demanding task. Yet, often this cannot be avoided: on exchange markets one is typically provided only with market quotes for American options on single stocks (as opposed to large stock indexes - e.g. S&P500 - for which large amounts of liquid European options are typically available).
In this talk, we show how one can derive (approximate, but accurate enough) explicit formulas - therefore replacing other numerical methods, at least in a low-dimensional case - based on asymptotic calculus for diffusions.
More precisely: based on a suitable representation of the PDE free boundary, we derive an approximation of this boundary close to final time that refines the expansions known so far in the literature. Via the early premium formula, this allows to derive semi-closed expressions for the price of the American put/call. The final product is a calibration recipe of a Dupire's local volatility to American option data.
Based on joint work with Pierre Henry-Labordère.
The valuation of American options (a widespread type of financial contract) requires the numerical solution of an optimal stopping problem. Numerical methods for such problems have been widely investigated. Monte-Carlo methods are based on the implementation of dynamic programming principles coupled with regression techniques. In lower dimension, one can choose to tackle the related free boundary PDE with deterministic schemes.
Pricing of ...

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## Projected particle methods for solving McKean Vlasov SDEs Belomestny, Denis | CIRM H

Multi angle

Research talks

We propose a novel projection-based particle method for solving the McKean-Vlasov stochastic differential equations. Our approach is based on a projection-type estimation of the marginal density of the solution in each time step.
The projection-based particle method leads in many situation to a significant reduction of numerical complexity compared to the widely used kernel density estimation algorithms.
We derive strong convergence rates and rates of density estimation. The convergence analysis in the case of linearly growing coefficients turns out to be rather challenging and requires some new type of averaging technique.
This case is exemplified by explicit solutions to a class of McKean-Vlasov equations with affine drift.
The performance of the proposed algorithm is illustrated by several numerical examples.
We propose a novel projection-based particle method for solving the McKean-Vlasov stochastic differential equations. Our approach is based on a projection-type estimation of the marginal density of the solution in each time step.
The projection-based particle method leads in many situation to a significant reduction of numerical complexity compared to the widely used kernel density estimation algorithms.
We derive strong convergence rates and ...

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## Splitting algorithm for nested events Goudenège, Ludovic | CIRM H

Multi angle

Research talks;Probability and Statistics

Consider a problem of Markovian trajectories of particles for which you are trying to estimate the probability of a event.
Under the assumption that you can represent this event as the last event of a nested sequence of events, it is possible to design a splitting algorithm to estimate the probability of the last event in an efficient way. Moreover you can obtain a sequence of trajectories which realize this particular event, giving access to statistical representation of quantities conditionally to realize the event.
In this talk I will present the "Adaptive Multilevel Splitting" algorithm and its application to various toy models. I will explain why it creates an unbiased estimator of a probability, and I will give results obtained from numerical simulations.
Consider a problem of Markovian trajectories of particles for which you are trying to estimate the probability of a event.
Under the assumption that you can represent this event as the last event of a nested sequence of events, it is possible to design a splitting algorithm to estimate the probability of the last event in an efficient way. Moreover you can obtain a sequence of trajectories which realize this particular event, giving access to ...

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## Lecture 2: Introduction to HPC - MPI: design of parallel program and MPI Lelong, Jérôme | CIRM H

Multi angle

Research schools

65Y05

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## Lecture 1: Introduction to HPC, random generation, and OpenMP Lelong, Jérôme | CIRM H

Multi angle

Research schools

65Y05

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## Numerical methods for mean field games - Lecture 3: Variational MFG and related algorithms for solving the discrete system of nonlinear equations Achdou, Yves | CIRM H

Multi angle

Research schools;Computer Science;Control Theory and Optimization;Partial Differential Equations

Recently, an important research activity on mean field games (MFGs for short) has been initiated by the pioneering works of Lasry and Lions: it aims at studying the asymptotic behavior of stochastic differential games (Nash equilibria) as the number $n$ of agents tends to infinity. The field is now rapidly growing in several directions, including stochastic optimal control, analysis of PDEs, calculus of variations, numerical analysis and computing, and the potential applications to economics and social sciences are numerous.
In the limit when $n \to +\infty$, a given agent feels the presence of the others through the statistical distribution of the states. Assuming that the perturbations of a single agent's strategy does not influence the statistical states distribution, the latter acts as a parameter in the control problem to be solved by each agent. When the dynamics of the agents are independent stochastic processes, MFGs naturally lead to a coupled system of two partial differential equations (PDEs for short), a forward Fokker-Planck equation and a backward Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation.
The latter system of PDEs has closed form solutions in very few cases only. Therefore, numerical simulation are crucial in order to address applications. The present mini-course will be devoted to numerical methods that can be used to approximate the systems of PDEs.
The numerical schemes that will be presented rely basically on monotone approximations of the Hamiltonian and on a suitable weak formulation of the Fokker-Planck equation.
These schemes have several important features:

- The discrete problem has the same structure as the continous one, so existence, energy estimates, and possibly uniqueness can be obtained with the same kind of arguments

- Monotonicity guarantees the stability of the scheme: it is robust in the deterministic limit

- convergence to classical or weak solutions can be proved

Finally, there are particular cases named variational MFGS in which the system of PDEs can be seen as the optimality conditions of some optimal control problem driven by a PDE. In such cases, augmented Lagrangian methods can be used for solving the discrete nonlinear system. The mini-course will be orgamized as follows

1. Introduction to the system of PDEs and its interpretation. Uniqueness of classical solutions.

2. Monotone finite difference schemes

3. Examples of applications

4. Variational MFG and related algorithms for solving the discrete system of nonlinear equations
Recently, an important research activity on mean field games (MFGs for short) has been initiated by the pioneering works of Lasry and Lions: it aims at studying the asymptotic behavior of stochastic differential games (Nash equilibria) as the number $n$ of agents tends to infinity. The field is now rapidly growing in several directions, including stochastic optimal control, analysis of PDEs, calculus of variations, numerical analysis and ...

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## Numerical methods for mean field games - Lecture 1: Introduction to the system of PDEs and its interpretation. Uniqueness of classical solutions Achdou, Yves | CIRM H

Multi angle

Research schools;Computer Science;Control Theory and Optimization;Partial Differential Equations

Recently, an important research activity on mean field games (MFGs for short) has been initiated by the pioneering works of Lasry and Lions: it aims at studying the asymptotic behavior of stochastic differential games (Nash equilibria) as the number $n$ of agents tends to infinity. The field is now rapidly growing in several directions, including stochastic optimal control, analysis of PDEs, calculus of variations, numerical analysis and computing, and the potential applications to economics and social sciences are numerous.
In the limit when $n \to +\infty$, a given agent feels the presence of the others through the statistical distribution of the states. Assuming that the perturbations of a single agent's strategy does not influence the statistical states distribution, the latter acts as a parameter in the control problem to be solved by each agent. When the dynamics of the agents are independent stochastic processes, MFGs naturally lead to a coupled system of two partial differential equations (PDEs for short), a forward Fokker-Planck equation and a backward Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation.
The latter system of PDEs has closed form solutions in very few cases only. Therefore, numerical simulation are crucial in order to address applications. The present mini-course will be devoted to numerical methods that can be used to approximate the systems of PDEs.
The numerical schemes that will be presented rely basically on monotone approximations of the Hamiltonian and on a suitable weak formulation of the Fokker-Planck equation.
These schemes have several important features:

- The discrete problem has the same structure as the continous one, so existence, energy estimates, and possibly uniqueness can be obtained with the same kind of arguments

- Monotonicity guarantees the stability of the scheme: it is robust in the deterministic limit

- convergence to classical or weak solutions can be proved

Finally, there are particular cases named variational MFGS in which the system of PDEs can be seen as the optimality conditions of some optimal control problem driven by a PDE. In such cases, augmented Lagrangian methods can be used for solving the discrete nonlinear system. The mini-course will be orgamized as follows

1. Introduction to the system of PDEs and its interpretation. Uniqueness of classical solutions.

2. Monotone finite difference schemes

3. Examples of applications

4. Variational MFG and related algorithms for solving the discrete system of nonlinear equations
Recently, an important research activity on mean field games (MFGs for short) has been initiated by the pioneering works of Lasry and Lions: it aims at studying the asymptotic behavior of stochastic differential games (Nash equilibria) as the number $n$ of agents tends to infinity. The field is now rapidly growing in several directions, including stochastic optimal control, analysis of PDEs, calculus of variations, numerical analysis and ...

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## Metamodels for uncertainty quantification and reliability analysis Marelli, Stefano | CIRM H

Multi angle

Research schools;Probability and Statistics

Uncertainty quantification (UQ) in the context of engineering applications aims aims at quantifying the effects of uncertainty in the input parameters of complex models on their output responses. Due to the increased availability of computational power and advanced modelling techniques, current simulation tools can provide unprecedented insight in the behaviour of complex systems. However, the associated computational costs have also increased significantly, often hindering the applicability of standard UQ techniques based on Monte-Carlo sampling. To overcome this limitation, metamodels (also referred to as surrogate models) have become a staple tool in the Engineering UQ community. This lecture will introduce a general framework for dealing with uncertainty in the presence of expensive computational models, in particular for reliability analysis (also known as rare event estimation). Reliability analysis focuses on the tail behaviour of a stochastic model response, so as to compute the probability of exceedance of a given performance measure, that would result in a critical failure of the system under study. Classical approximation-based techniques, as well as their modern metamodel-based counter-parts will be introduced. Uncertainty quantification (UQ) in the context of engineering applications aims aims at quantifying the effects of uncertainty in the input parameters of complex models on their output responses. Due to the increased availability of computational power and advanced modelling techniques, current simulation tools can provide unprecedented insight in the behaviour of complex systems. However, the associated computational costs have also increased ...

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## Global sensitivity analysis in stochastic systems Le Maître, Olivier | CIRM H

Multi angle

Research schools;Probability and Statistics

Stochastic models are used in many scientific fields, including mechanics, physics, life sciences, queues and social-network studies, chemistry. Stochastic modeling is necessary when deterministic ones cannot capture features of the dynamics, for instance, to represent effects of unresolved small-scale fluctuations, or when systems are subjected to important inherent noise. Often, stochastic models are not completely known and involve some calibrated parameters that should be considered as uncertain. In this case, it is critical to assess the impact of the uncertain model parameters on the stochastic model predictions. This is usually achieved by performing a sensitivity analysis (SA) which characterizes changes in a model output when the uncertain parameters are varied. In the case of a stochastic model, one classically applies the SA to statistical moments of the prediction, estimating, for instance, the derivatives with respect to the uncertain parameters of the output mean and variance. In this presentation, we introduce new approaches of SA in a stochastic system based on variance decomposition methods (ANOVA, Sobol). Compared to previous methods, our SA methods are global, with respect to both the parameters and stochasticity, and decompose the variance into stochastic, parametric and mixed contributions.
We consider first the case of uncertain Stochastic Differential Equations (SDE), that is systems with external noisy forcing and uncertain parameters. A polynomial chaos (PC) analysis with stochastic expansion coefficients is proposed to approximate the SDE solution. We first use a Galerkin formalism to determine the expansion coefficients, leading to a hierarchy of SDEs. Under the mild assumption that the noise and uncertain parameters are independent, the Galerkin formalism naturally separates parametric uncertainty and stochastic forcing dependencies, enabling an orthogonal decomposition of the variance, and consequently identify contributions arising
from the uncertainty in parameters, the stochastic forcing, and a coupled term. Non-intrusive approaches are subsequently considered for application to more complex systems hardly amenable to Galerkin projection. We also discuss parallel implementations and application to derived quantity of interest, in particular, a novel sampling strategy for non-smooth quantities of interest but smooth SDE solution. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the output of the SA and the computational complexity of the method.
Second, we consider the case of stochastic simulators governed by a set of reaction channels with stochastic dynamics. Reformulating the system dynamics in terms of independent standardized Poisson processes permits the identification of individual realizations of each reaction channel dynamic and a quantitative characterization of the inherent stochasticity sources. By judiciously exploiting the inherent stochasticity of the system, we can then compute the global sensitivities associated with individual reaction channels, as well as the importance of channel interactions. This approach is subsequently extended to account for the effects of uncertain parameters and we propose dedicated algorithms to perform the Sobols decomposition of the variance into contributions from an arbitrary subset of uncertain parameters and stochastic reaction channels. The algorithms are illustrated in simplified systems, including the birth-death, Schlgl, and Michaelis-Menten models. The sensitivity analysis output is also contrasted with a local derivative-based sensitivity analysis method.
Stochastic models are used in many scientific fields, including mechanics, physics, life sciences, queues and social-network studies, chemistry. Stochastic modeling is necessary when deterministic ones cannot capture features of the dynamics, for instance, to represent effects of unresolved small-scale fluctuations, or when systems are subjected to important inherent noise. Often, stochastic models are not completely known and involve some ...

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## Subsurface flow with uncertainty : applications and numerical analysis issues Charrier, Julia | CIRM H

Multi angle

Research schools;Mathematical Physics

In this talk we first quickly present a classical and simple model used to describe flow in porous media (based on Darcy's Law). The high heterogeneity of the media and the lack of data are taken into account by the use of random permability fields. We then present some mathematical particularities of the random fields frequently used for such applications and the corresponding theoretical and numerical issues.
After giving a short overview of various applications of this basic model, we study in more detail the problem of the contamination of an aquifer by migration of pollutants. We present a numerical method to compute the mean spreading of a diffusive set of particles representing a tracer plume in an advecting flow field. We deal with the uncertainty thanks to a Monte Carlo method and use a stochastic particle method to approximate the solution of the transport-diffusion equation. Error estimates will be established and numerical results (obtained by A.Beaudoin et al. using PARADIS Software) will be presented. In particular the influence of the molecular diffusion and the heterogeneity on the asymptotic longitudinal macrodispersion will be investigated thanks to numerical experiments. Studying qualitatively and quantitatively the influence of molecular diffusion, correlation length and standard deviation is an important question in hydrogeolgy.
In this talk we first quickly present a classical and simple model used to describe flow in porous media (based on Darcy's Law). The high heterogeneity of the media and the lack of data are taken into account by the use of random permability fields. We then present some mathematical particularities of the random fields frequently used for such applications and the corresponding theoretical and numerical issues.
After giving a short overview of ...

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## Dynamic formulations of optimal transportation and variational MFGs Benamou, Jean-David | CIRM H

Multi angle

Research schools;Control Theory and Optimization;Partial Differential Equations

I will review several relaxations of the classical Monge Optimal Transport problem using a dynamic “time” extension and discuss the corresponding available numerical methods. They also apply to some instances of variational mean field games.

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## Least squares regression Monte Carlo for approximating BSDES and semilinear PDES Turkedjiev, Plamen | CIRM H

Multi angle

Research schools;Control Theory and Optimization;Probability and Statistics

In this lecture, we shall discuss the key steps involved in the use of least squares regression for approximating the solution to BSDEs. This includes how to obtain explicit error estimates, and how these error estimates can be used to tune the parameters of the numerical scheme based on complexity considerations.
The algorithms are based on a two stage approximation process. Firstly, a suitable discrete time process is chosen to approximate the of the continuous time solution of the BSDE. The nodes of the discrete time processes can be expressed as conditional expectations. As we shall demonstrate, the choice of discrete time process is very important, as its properties will impact the performance of the overall numerical scheme. In the second stage, the conditional expectation is approximated in functional form using least squares regression on synthetically generated data - Monte Carlo simulations drawn from a suitable probability distribution. A key feature of the regression step is that the explanatory variables are built on a user chosen finite dimensional linear space of functions, which the user specifies by setting basis functions. The choice of basis functions is made on the hypothesis that it contains the solution, so regularity and boundedness assumptions are used in its construction. The impact of the choice of the basis functions is exposed in error estimates.
In addition to the choice of discrete time approximation and the basis functions, the Markovian structure of the problem gives significant additional freedom with regards to the Monte Carlo simulations. We demonstrate how to use this additional freedom to develop generic stratified sampling approaches that are independent of the underlying transition density function. Moreover, we demonstrate how to leverage the stratification method to develop a HPC algorithm for implementation on GPUs.
Thanks to the Feynmann-Kac relation between the the solution of a BSDE and its associated semilinear PDE, the approximation of the BSDE can be directly used to approximate the solution of the PDE. Moreover, the smoothness properties of the PDE play a crucial role in the selection of the hypothesis space of regressions functions, so this relationship is vitally important for the numerical scheme.
We conclude with some draw backs of the regression approach, notably the curse of dimensionality.
In this lecture, we shall discuss the key steps involved in the use of least squares regression for approximating the solution to BSDEs. This includes how to obtain explicit error estimates, and how these error estimates can be used to tune the parameters of the numerical scheme based on complexity considerations.
The algorithms are based on a two stage approximation process. Firstly, a suitable discrete time process is chosen to approximate the ...

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